Health A to Z

Name: Ovum - Women and Children Hospital
Address: 916, 5th A Cross Rd, HRBR Layout 1st Block, HRBR Layout, Kalyan Nagar, Bengaluru, 560043, IN
Telephone: 080 4625 3900

B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P

Biophysical Profile
A prenatal assessment tool used to evaluate the health and well-being of a developing fetus. It typically assesses aspects such as fetal movement, muscle tone, breathing, amniotic fluid levels, and the fetal heart rate to ensure a healthy pregnancy.
Birth Defect
An abnormality present at birth, which can affect a baby's structure or function due to genetic, environmental, or unknown factors. Birth defects vary widely and may impact an individual's health and development.
Braxton Hicks Contractions
Irregular, mild uterine contractions during pregnancy, often considered 'false labor.' They prepare the uterus for childbirth but do not indicate the onset of active labor.
Breech Presentation
A fetal position where the baby's buttocks or feet are positioned to exit the birth canal first instead of the head. Special delivery techniques or cesarean section may be required in such cases.
Biometric Measurements
Quantitative assessments of a fetus's physical characteristics, such as head circumference, femur length, and abdominal circumference, used to monitor growth and development during pregnancy.
Baseline Fetal Heart Rate
The normal heart rate of a developing fetus, typically ranging from 120 to 160 beats per minute. Monitoring changes in the baseline fetal heart rate is vital for assessing the baby's well-being.
Birth Control
Birth control, also known as contraception, refers to methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy. It can include various methods such as hormonal contraception (e.g., birth control pills), barrier methods (e.g., condoms), intrauterine devices (IUDs), and sterilization procedures.
Breech Birth
A breech birth occurs when a baby is positioned feet or buttocks first in the birth canal, rather than headfirst, which is the normal presentation. Breech births can sometimes require special medical attention or delivery methods.
Bladder Health
Bladder health pertains to the overall well-being and proper functioning of the urinary bladder. Maintaining bladder health involves preventing urinary tract infections, addressing incontinence issues, and promoting healthy voiding habits.
Breast Health
Breast health refers to the maintenance and care of the female breast tissue. This includes regular breast self-exams, clinical breast exams, and mammograms to screen for breast cancer, as well as addressing any breast-related issues or concerns.
Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)
Bacterial vaginosis is a common vaginal infection characterized by an imbalance of bacteria in the vagina. It can lead to symptoms like unusual vaginal discharge and discomfort.
Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding is the act of feeding an infant with breast milk, typically from the mother's breast. Breast milk is considered the optimal source of nutrition for newborns and provides various health benefits.
Braxton Hicks Contractions
Braxton Hicks contractions are sporadic uterine contractions that can occur during pregnancy. They are often referred to as 'practice contractions' and are not associated with labor or cervical dilation.
Bacterial Infections
Bacterial infections are illnesses caused by harmful bacteria. These infections can affect various parts of the body and may require treatment with antibiotics.
Breastfeeding Challenges
Breastfeeding challenges refer to difficulties or obstacles that some mothers and babies may encounter when attempting to breastfeed. These challenges can include issues like latching problems, nipple pain, or low milk supply.
Barrier Methods
Barrier methods are forms of contraception that physically block sperm from reaching an egg. Examples include condoms and diaphragms.
Breast Reconstruction
Breast reconstruction is a surgical procedure to rebuild a breast that has been removed due to cancer or other medical reasons. It aims to restore the breast's appearance and symmetry.
Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative
The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative is a global program that encourages hospitals and healthcare facilities to promote and support breastfeeding as the best method of infant nutrition. It emphasizes evidence-based practices to help mothers initiate and continue breastfeeding.
Bilateral Salpingectomy
Bilateral salpingectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of both fallopian tubes. It is a method of permanent contraception and may also reduce the risk of certain reproductive cancers.
Benign Ovarian Tumors
Benign ovarian tumors are non-cancerous growths that develop in the ovaries. While they are not cancerous, they may still require medical attention or removal if they cause symptoms or complications.
Bartholin's Cysts
Bartholin's cysts are fluid-filled sacs that can develop near the vaginal opening. They can be caused by blockages in the Bartholin's glands and may lead to discomfort or infection.
Bacterial Endocarditis Prophylaxis
Bacterial endocarditis prophylaxis involves the use of antibiotics before certain medical or dental procedures to prevent the infection of the heart's inner lining (endocardium) in individuals at high risk.
Breast Pain (Mastalgia)
Breast pain, known as mastalgia, is discomfort or tenderness in the breast tissue. It can be caused by various factors, including hormonal changes, injury, or underlying medical conditions.
Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Bacterial STIs are sexually transmitted infections caused by bacteria. Examples include chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. These infections can be transmitted through sexual contact and require treatment with antibiotics.
Birth Control Options
Birth control options encompass the various methods and choices available for preventing pregnancy, ranging from hormonal methods to barrier methods and fertility awareness techniques.
Breastfeeding Benefits
Breastfeeding provides numerous benefits for both infants and mothers, including optimal nutrition, immune system support, and bonding between mother and baby.
Bladder Infections
Bladder infections, also known as urinary tract infections (UTIs), are bacterial infections that affect the bladder. They often cause symptoms like frequent urination, burning during urination, and lower abdominal discomfort.
Bacterial Vaginosis Treatment
Bacterial vaginosis treatment involves the use of antibiotics to restore the balance of vaginal bacteria and alleviate symptoms associated with the condition.
Blood Clot Risk in Pregnancy
Pregnancy can increase the risk of blood clot formation in the veins, a condition known as venous thromboembolism. This risk is particularly elevated during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
Breast Cancer Screening
Breast cancer screening includes regular mammograms, clinical breast exams, and self-exams to detect breast cancer at an early, more treatable stage.
Benign Breast Lumps
Benign breast lumps are non-cancerous growths in the breast tissue. While they are typically not harmful, they may require a medical evaluation to rule out any malignancy.
Bone Health in Menopause
Maintaining bone health during menopause is important because hormonal changes can lead to decreased bone density and an increased risk of osteoporosis. Strategies include calcium intake, exercise, and sometimes medication.
Barrier Contraceptives
Barrier contraceptives are methods of birth control that create a physical barrier to prevent sperm from reaching the egg. Examples include male and female condoms, diaphragms, and cervical caps.
Bio-identical Hormone Therapy
Bio-identical hormone therapy involves the use of hormones that are structurally identical to those naturally produced by the body. It is used to address hormonal imbalances and menopausal symptoms.
Bacterial Vaginosis Prevention
Preventing bacterial vaginosis involves maintaining good vaginal hygiene, using protection during sexual intercourse, and avoiding practices that disrupt the natural balance of vaginal bacteria.
Birth Plan
A birth plan is a document prepared by expectant parents to communicate their preferences and wishes for the labor and delivery of their child. It may include details on pain relief, labor positions, and other aspects of childbirth.
Breast Health Exams
Breast health exams include clinical breast exams performed by healthcare providers, as well as self-exams by individuals to check for any changes, lumps, or abnormalities in the breast tissue.
Birth Defect Screening
Birth defect screening involves various tests and assessments during pregnancy to detect and diagnose potential congenital abnormalities or structural issues in the developing fetus.
Breech Birth Delivery
Breech birth delivery refers to the process of delivering a baby who is in a breech position, typically involving special techniques and careful monitoring to ensure a safe birth.
Breastfeeding Support
Breastfeeding support involves assistance and guidance for mothers who are breastfeeding, including education, counseling, and resources to address any challenges they may encounter.
Bladder Prolapse
Bladder prolapse, also known as cystocele, occurs when the bladder drops or sags into the vaginal wall. It can cause urinary symptoms and discomfort.
Birth Trauma
Birth trauma refers to the psychological distress or emotional impact experienced by some individuals after a difficult or traumatic childbirth experience.
Behavioral Changes in Menopause
Menopause is often accompanied by hormonal changes that can lead to various behavioral and emotional symptoms, such as mood swings, irritability, and anxiety.
Bacterial Vaginosis Causes
Bacterial vaginosis is typically caused by an overgrowth of certain bacteria in the vagina, resulting in an imbalance of the normal vaginal flora.
Breast Reconstruction Options
Breast reconstruction options include various surgical techniques and procedures used to rebuild the breast following mastectomy or other breast-related surgeries.
Baby Blues (Postpartum)
Baby blues, or postpartum blues, are mild and temporary mood changes experienced by some new mothers, often characterized by feelings of sadness and emotional sensitivity.
Breast Pain Management
Management of breast pain involves addressing the underlying causes, such as hormonal changes, breast conditions, or injury, and providing relief through medication or lifestyle changes.
Breast Cancer Risk Factors
Breast cancer risk factors include a range of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors that can influence an individual's likelihood of developing breast cancer. These factors may include family history, age, and hormone use.

Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is often caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) and can be detected through regular screenings, such as the Pap test.
Cervical Biopsy
A cervical biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of cervical tissue is collected and examined to assess for abnormalities or signs of cervical cancer or other conditions.
C-Section (Cesarean Section)
A cesarean section, commonly referred to as a C-section, is a surgical procedure in which a baby is delivered through an incision made in the mother's abdomen and uterus. It is typically performed when a vaginal birth is not safe or possible.
Contraception
Contraception, also known as birth control, encompasses various methods and practices used to prevent pregnancy. This can include hormonal methods, barrier methods, fertility awareness, and sterilization.
Cervical Dysplasia
Cervical dysplasia is a condition in which abnormal, precancerous changes occur in the cells of the cervix. It is often detected through Pap smears and may require further evaluation or treatment.
Chlamydia
Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It can lead to various health complications if left untreated.
Cystocele
A cystocele is a condition in which the bladder drops or sags into the vaginal wall due to weakened pelvic floor muscles. It can result in urinary symptoms and discomfort.
Childbirth Education
Childbirth education refers to classes and programs that provide expectant parents with information, skills, and support to prepare for labor, delivery, and the early postpartum period.
Cervical Incompetence
Cervical incompetence, also known as an incompetent cervix, is a condition in which the cervix is unable to maintain its closure during pregnancy, potentially leading to premature birth or pregnancy loss.
Cervical Polyps
Cervical polyps are small growths that can develop on the cervix. They are typically benign but may cause symptoms or require removal.
Cervical Cerclage
Cervical cerclage is a surgical procedure in which the cervix is stitched closed to prevent premature cervical dilation during pregnancy, reducing the risk of preterm birth.
Cervical Cancer Screening
Cervical cancer screening involves tests like the Pap smear and HPV test to detect early signs of cervical cancer or precancerous changes in the cervix.
C-Section Recovery
C-section recovery refers to the healing and recuperation process following a cesarean section. It includes wound care, pain management, and returning to normal activities.
Contraceptive Choices
Contraceptive choices refer to the range of birth control methods available for individuals to select, depending on their preferences and needs.
Cervical Dysplasia Treatment
Cervical dysplasia treatment involves interventions such as colposcopy, cryotherapy, or surgical procedures to address precancerous cervical changes and prevent the development of cervical cancer.
Chlamydia Testing and Treatment
Chlamydia testing involves diagnostic tests to detect the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria, and treatment typically involves antibiotics to clear the infection.
Cystocele Management
Cystocele management includes approaches to address the symptoms and discomfort associated with a cystocele, which may involve lifestyle changes, physical therapy, or surgical repair.
Childbirth Preparation Classes
Childbirth preparation classes are educational programs that help expectant parents learn about labor, delivery, and postpartum care, as well as coping techniques and pain management strategies.
Cervical Incompetence Causes
Cervical incompetence causes may include congenital factors, cervical trauma, or previous cervical procedures, and may result in a weak cervix that cannot support a pregnancy.
Cervical Polyps Diagnosis
Diagnosis of cervical polyps involves a gynecological examination, possibly including colposcopy, to identify and evaluate the growths.
Cervical Cerclage Procedure
A cervical cerclage procedure is a surgical technique in which the cervix is sewn closed with sutures to prevent premature cervical dilation during pregnancy.
Cervical Cancer Prevention
Cervical cancer prevention encompasses measures like HPV vaccination, regular cervical cancer screenings, and safe sexual practices to reduce the risk of developing cervical cancer.
Chronic Pelvic Pain
Chronic pelvic pain refers to ongoing, persistent pain in the lower abdominal and pelvic region, often lasting for at least six months. It can have various causes, including gynecological conditions.
Contractions During Pregnancy
Contractions during pregnancy are uterine muscle movements that can occur during both early labor and as part of the normal pregnancy process. They help prepare the body for childbirth.
Chronic Conditions and Pregnancy
Chronic conditions in pregnancy refer to pre-existing medical conditions that may require specialized care and management during pregnancy, such as diabetes or hypertension.
Childbirth Delivery Options
Childbirth delivery options include choices such as vaginal birth, cesarean section, and assisted deliveries like forceps or vacuum extraction.
Cervical Dysplasia Follow-Up
Cervical dysplasia follow-up involves regular monitoring and evaluation of the cervix to detect any progression of abnormal cell changes and to ensure timely intervention if necessary.
Cervical Ectropion
Cervical ectropion, also known as cervical erosion, is a benign condition where the cervical lining extends outside the cervical os (the opening of the cervix).
Cervical Length Measurement
Cervical length measurement is a medical procedure used to assess the length of the cervix, which can be important in assessing the risk of preterm birth.
Cervical Mucus Changes
Cervical mucus changes refer to the variations in the consistency and appearance of cervical mucus throughout the menstrual cycle, which can affect fertility and conception.
Cesarean Section Risks
Cesarean section risks include potential complications associated with the surgical delivery method, such as infection, bleeding, and wound issues.
Common Gynecological Disorders
Common gynecological disorders are medical conditions that affect the female reproductive system, including conditions like endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and fibroids.
Cervical Ripening Techniques
Cervical ripening techniques are methods used to prepare the cervix for labor and delivery, such as the use of medications or mechanical methods.
Cervical Smear Test
A cervical smear test is another term for the Pap smear, which is a screening test to detect cervical cancer and precancerous changes in the cervix.
Cervical Stenosis Symptoms
Cervical stenosis symptoms may include pain, menstrual irregularities, or difficulty with gynecological procedures due to a narrowed cervical opening.
Cervical Ultrasound
Cervical ultrasound is a diagnostic procedure that uses sound waves to create images of the cervix and adjacent structures.
Cervical Cancer Support Groups
Cervical cancer support groups are resources that provide emotional and practical assistance to individuals diagnosed with cervical cancer and their loved ones.
Cervicitis Causes and Treatment
Cervicitis is the inflammation of the cervix, and its causes may include infections or irritants. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and may include antibiotics.
Complications of Menopause
Complications of menopause can include symptoms like hot flashes, mood changes, and increased risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. These may require management and treatment.
Chronic Pelvic Pain Management
Chronic pelvic pain management involves various strategies, including medication, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes, to alleviate persistent pelvic discomfort.
Contraception After Pregnancy
Contraception after pregnancy refers to the birth control methods used by women after giving birth to prevent future pregnancies.
Cervical Cancer Staging
Cervical cancer staging is a process that assesses the extent and severity of cervical cancer, which guides treatment decisions.
C-Section Scar Care
C-section scar care involves proper wound care and management to promote healing and minimize scarring after a cesarean section.
Contraception Counseling
Contraception counseling involves discussions with healthcare providers to help individuals choose the most suitable birth control method based on their preferences and medical history.
Cervical Dysplasia Progression
Cervical dysplasia progression refers to the potential development and advancement of abnormal cervical cell changes over time.
Chronic Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Chronic pelvic inflammatory disease is an ongoing infection and inflammation of the female reproductive organs, which can lead to complications if left untreated.
Continuous Fetal Monitoring
Continuous fetal monitoring involves the continuous monitoring of a baby's heart rate and contractions during labor and delivery to ensure the well-being of the fetus.
Cryptomenorrhea (Hidden Menstruation)
Cryptomenorrhea is a rare condition in which menstruation occurs but blood is not discharged externally. Instead, it is retained in the body.
Cervical Biopsy Risks
Cervical biopsy risks are potential complications or discomfort associated with the removal of cervical tissue for diagnostic purposes.
Cervical Cerclage Effectiveness
The effectiveness of cervical cerclage is its ability to reduce the risk of preterm birth in women with cervical incompetence.
Cervical Cancer Survivor Stories
Cervical cancer survivor stories are personal accounts of individuals who have successfully overcome cervical cancer and may provide inspiration and support to others facing a similar diagnosis.
Color Doppler
A specialized ultrasound technique that uses color to visualize and assess blood flow within the body, helping diagnose vascular conditions and provide real-time information on circulation.
Cyst
A fluid-filled sac that can develop in various parts of the body, which may be benign or associated with medical conditions, and can be identified through imaging, such as ultrasound or MRI.
Contrast Ultrasound
An imaging method using ultrasound with contrast agents to enhance the visualization of blood flow, organs, or structures, aiding in diagnosis and monitoring of various medical conditions.
Carotid Ultrasound
A non-invasive imaging technique that uses ultrasound to assess the carotid arteries in the neck, which supply blood to the brain. It helps detect and monitor conditions like atherosclerosis and stenosis.
Calcifications
The deposition of calcium salts within tissues, often seen on imaging studies like X-rays, and can be associated with conditions such as atherosclerosis, kidney stones, or breast calcifications.
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
A prenatal diagnostic test involving the sampling of chorionic villi from the placenta to detect genetic conditions or chromosomal abnormalities in the developing fetus.
Cranial Ultrasound
A non-invasive imaging technique using ultrasound to examine the brain's structures, often used in neonatal care to assess brain development or identify abnormalities in newborns.
CyberKnife
A specialized robotic radiosurgery system that delivers precise, high-dose radiation to treat tumors and lesions with minimal damage to surrounding healthy tissues.

Donor
An individual or entity that provides something, such as blood, organs, or gametes (sperm or eggs), to benefit another person in need, often driven by altruistic motives.
Dilation
The widening of a bodily passage, such as the cervix during labor, to allow for the passage of the baby through the birth canal.
Dissection
In a medical context, it refers to the separation and damage to layers of tissues or blood vessels, often due to trauma or disease.
Donor Insemination
A fertility treatment method in which donor sperm is used to facilitate pregnancy in individuals or couples experiencing infertility, typically with the donor sperm acquired from a sperm bank.
Double Embryo Transfer
A procedure used in assisted reproductive technology (ART) in which two embryos are transferred into the uterus to enhance the chances of successful implantation and pregnancy during in vitro fertilization (IVF).
Dormancy
A state of inactivity or rest, often used in the context of medical conditions, such as dormant infections or inactive disease states.
Doppler Ultrasound
An imaging technique that employs sound waves to assess blood flow within blood vessels or organs, providing valuable information about circulation and potential vascular issues.
Diminished Ovarian Reserve
A condition in which a woman's ovaries contain fewer eggs and/or eggs of lower quality than expected for her age, affecting fertility and reducing the chances of successful pregnancy, particularly in older women.
Dilation and Curettage (D&C)
Dilation and curettage is a medical procedure in which the cervix is dilated, and the lining of the uterus (endometrium) is scraped away using a surgical instrument called a curette. It is often performed to diagnose or treat various gynecological conditions, such as abnormal bleeding, or to remove pregnancy tissue.
Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Pregnancy
Dilated cardiomyopathy is a condition in which the heart's pumping ability is weakened and the heart becomes enlarged. When it occurs during pregnancy, it can pose risks to both the mother and the developing fetus.
Decidua
The decidua is the thickened lining of the uterus (endometrium) that develops during pregnancy to support the implantation of the embryo and the formation of the placenta.
Dysmenorrhea
Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for painful menstrual cramps that occur just before or during menstruation. It can range from mild to severe and is a common symptom of menstruation.
Doppler Ultrasound
Doppler ultrasound is a diagnostic imaging technique that uses sound waves to measure the blood flow in the body's blood vessels, including those in the placenta and fetus during pregnancy.
Diabetes in Pregnancy (Gestational Diabetes)
Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy, typically in the second or third trimester. It can affect blood sugar levels and requires monitoring and management to ensure the health of both the mother and the baby.
Dystocia
Dystocia is a medical term for difficult or abnormal labor or childbirth. It can be caused by various factors, such as fetal position or maternal factors, and may require medical intervention.
Depo-Provera (Birth Control)
Depo-Provera is a brand name for a hormonal contraceptive injection that contains medroxyprogesterone acetate. It is administered every three months to prevent pregnancy.
Diaphragm (Contraceptive Device)
A diaphragm is a barrier contraceptive device that is inserted into the vagina to cover the cervix, preventing sperm from reaching the uterus and thereby reducing the risk of pregnancy.
Douching
Douching is the practice of rinsing or cleaning the vagina with water or a solution. It is generally discouraged by healthcare professionals as it can disrupt the natural balance of vaginal flora and may lead to various health issues.
Delayed Menstruation
Delayed menstruation refers to the absence of a menstrual period beyond the expected or usual time. It can be caused by various factors, including pregnancy, stress, or underlying medical conditions.
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Exposure
DES is a synthetic estrogen that was prescribed to pregnant women between the 1940s and 1971. Exposure to DES in utero has been associated with health risks for those exposed, including an increased risk of certain reproductive conditions.
Doulas
Doulas are trained professionals who provide emotional, physical, and informational support to women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. They do not provide medical care but offer guidance and assistance in various aspects of labor and birth.
Dermoid Cysts
Dermoid cysts are non-cancerous ovarian growths that contain a variety of tissues, including hair, skin, and sometimes teeth. They may need to be surgically removed if they cause symptoms or complications.
Dysplasia of the Cervix
Cervical dysplasia is the presence of abnormal, precancerous changes in the cells of the cervix. It is often detected through Pap smears and may require further evaluation or treatment.
Diverticulum of Vagina
A vaginal diverticulum is a rare condition in which a small pouch or pocket forms in the vaginal wall. It may cause discomfort or discomfort during sexual intercourse and might require surgical removal.
Delivery by Cesarean Section (C-Section)
Delivery by cesarean section is a surgical method of childbirth in which the baby is delivered through an incision in the mother's abdomen and uterus. It is performed when a vaginal birth is not safe or possible.
Delayed Umbilical Cord Clamping
Delayed umbilical cord clamping is a practice where the clamping and cutting of the umbilical cord is delayed for a short time after birth to allow for more blood to flow from the placenta to the baby.
Douchebag (Colloquial Term for Vaginal Douche)
'Douchebag' is a colloquial and often derogatory term used to refer to a person who engages in negative or irritating behavior. It is also sometimes used as a slang term for a vaginal douche, which is discouraged for vaginal health.
Ductus Arteriosus
The ductus arteriosus is a fetal blood vessel that allows blood to bypass the lungs and flow directly from the pulmonary artery to the aorta. It usually closes shortly after birth.
Dyspareunia
Dyspareunia is the medical term for painful sexual intercourse, which can be caused by various factors, including physical conditions, psychological factors, or relationship issues.
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)
Developmental dysplasia of the hip is a condition in which the hip joint does not develop properly, potentially leading to hip problems and instability. It is often diagnosed in infants.
Down Syndrome Screening
Down syndrome screening involves tests and assessments during pregnancy to determine the risk of having a baby with Down syndrome, a genetic disorder.
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding refers to abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to a specific medical condition. It can result from hormonal imbalances and is common in women of reproductive age.
Dysplasia
Dysplasia is the presence of abnormal or atypical cells or tissues that may indicate a precancerous condition or a risk of cancer development in the future.
Dilated Pupils in Pregnancy
Dilated pupils during pregnancy can be a normal response to changes in hormones or lighting conditions. However, it is important to consult with a healthcare provider if it is a persistent or concerning issue.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Pregnancy
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a severe complication of diabetes in which the body produces high levels of acidic compounds called ketones. When it occurs in pregnancy, it can be life-threatening for both the mother and the fetus.
Dandy-Walker Syndrome
Dandy-Walker syndrome is a rare congenital brain malformation that affects the cerebellum and the fluid-filled spaces around it. It can lead to various neurological and developmental issues.
Decidual Cast
A decidual cast is a rare occurrence in which the uterine lining is shed in a single, intact piece, resembling the shape of the uterine cavity. It can be associated with certain medical conditions.
Dilation and Evacuation (D&E)
Dilation and evacuation is a surgical procedure used to terminate a pregnancy or remove fetal tissue from the uterus after a miscarriage or other pregnancy complications.
Dermatographia in Pregnancy
Dermatographia is a skin condition characterized by raised, itchy welts or hives that appear when the skin is scratched or rubbed. It can also occur during pregnancy, possibly due to hormonal changes.
Dexamethasone in Pregnancy
Dexamethasone is a corticosteroid medication that may be used during pregnancy to manage certain medical conditions, such as fetal lung development or preventing immune reactions.
Dysphoric Milk Ejection Reflex (D-MER)
Dysphoric milk ejection reflex is a condition in which breastfeeding mothers experience negative emotional symptoms, such as sadness or anxiety, during milk letdown. It is related to hormonal changes.
Delayed Ovulation
Delayed ovulation refers to a situation in which the release of an egg from the ovary occurs later in the menstrual cycle than expected. This can affect fertility and the timing of conception.
Dopamine Agonists in Hyperprolactinemia
Dopamine agonists are medications used to treat hyperprolactinemia, a condition characterized by high levels of the hormone prolactin. These medications work by reducing prolactin production in the pituitary gland.
Dehydration During Pregnancy
Dehydration during pregnancy occurs when a pregnant woman does not have enough fluid in her body. It can have various adverse effects on both the mother and the developing fetus.
Deciduous Teeth (Baby Teeth) in Pregnancy
Deciduous teeth, also known as baby teeth or primary teeth, are the first set of teeth that children develop, and their growth is not directly related to pregnancy but rather to child development.
Double Uterus
A double uterus is a congenital uterine anomaly in which a woman has two separate uterus cavities instead of the typical single uterus. This condition may require special medical attention during pregnancy.
Ductus Deferens
The ductus deferens is a part of the male reproductive system, which carries sperm from the testes to the urethra, where it is ejaculated during sexual intercourse.
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus and Pregnancy
Discoid lupus erythematosus is a form of chronic skin lupus. It can be affected by hormonal changes during pregnancy and may require special care and management.
Decidual Bleeding
Decidual bleeding is vaginal bleeding that can occur during pregnancy, resembling a menstrual period. It may be due to hormonal fluctuations or other factors and is not a true menstrual period.
Diabetic Nephropathy in Pregnancy
Diabetic nephropathy refers to kidney damage caused by diabetes. When it occurs during pregnancy, it can impact both maternal and fetal health and requires careful monitoring.
Diabetic Retinopathy in Pregnancy
Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that affects the blood vessels in the retina. During pregnancy, changes in blood sugar levels can impact the progression of this condition.
Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa in Pregnancy
Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa is a genetic skin condition characterized by fragile and blister-prone skin. During pregnancy, the management of skin fragility and potential complications is important.
Double Uterine Cavity
A double uterine cavity refers to a uterine anomaly in which a woman has two separate uterine cavities instead of the typical single cavity. This condition may impact pregnancy and childbirth.
Dextrocardia in Pregnancy
Dextrocardia is a rare congenital condition in which the heart is located on the right side of the chest, rather than the left. It can affect pregnancy and require specialized care.

Ectopic Pregnancy
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the uterus, typically in the fallopian tube. It is not a viable pregnancy and can be a medical emergency.
Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a chronic medical condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows outside the uterus, causing pain, inflammation, and potential fertility issues.
Epidural Anesthesia in Labor
Epidural anesthesia is a pain relief method used during labor and childbirth. It involves the injection of anesthetic medication into the epidural space to numb the lower half of the body.
Episiotomy
An episiotomy is a surgical incision made in the perineum (the area between the vagina and anus) during childbirth to widen the vaginal opening and facilitate delivery. It is performed when necessary.
Embryo Transfer
Embryo transfer is a crucial step in in vitro fertilization (IVF) where fertilized embryos are placed into the uterus to establish a pregnancy.
Endometrial Cancer
Endometrial cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the lining of the uterus (endometrium). It is the most common gynecological cancer and is often detected early due to symptoms like abnormal uterine bleeding.
Endometrial Polyps
Endometrial polyps are growths in the inner lining of the uterus that can lead to abnormal bleeding or fertility issues.
Endometrial Thickness
Endometrial thickness refers to the measurement of the uterine lining (endometrium) and is often assessed in the context of fertility treatments, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF).
Endometrial Ablation
Endometrial ablation is a medical procedure that involves the removal or destruction of the uterine lining to treat conditions like heavy menstrual bleeding.
Early Pregnancy Loss
Early pregnancy loss, often referred to as a miscarriage, is the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy in the first trimester.
Eclampsia
Eclampsia is a severe complication of pregnancy characterized by seizures, often associated with high blood pressure and organ damage. It is a medical emergency.
Egg Donation
Egg donation is a fertility treatment in which a woman donates her eggs to be fertilized by sperm and implanted into another woman's uterus to achieve pregnancy.
Elective Cesarean Section
An elective cesarean section is a planned surgical delivery of a baby by cesarean section, typically without a medical indication for the surgery.
Endometrial Biopsy
An endometrial biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of the uterine lining (endometrium) is collected and examined for abnormalities or disorders.
Embryonic Development
Embryonic development is the process by which a fertilized egg (embryo) undergoes cellular division and differentiation to form various tissues and organs in the early stages of pregnancy.
Excessive Uterine Bleeding
Excessive uterine bleeding refers to abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding and can be caused by various factors, including hormonal imbalances or uterine conditions.
Estrogen Replacement Therapy
Estrogen replacement therapy involves the use of synthetic or natural estrogen to supplement the hormone when the body's natural estrogen production decreases, as often occurs during menopause.
Ectopic Fetus
An ectopic fetus is a term sometimes used to describe a developing embryo or fetus that implants outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tube.
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Endometrial hyperplasia is a condition in which the uterine lining becomes abnormally thick, potentially leading to abnormal bleeding or an increased risk of endometrial cancer.
External Cephalic Version (ECV)
External cephalic version is a medical procedure used to manually turn a breech (feet-first) fetus to a head-down position in preparation for a vaginal delivery.
Ectopic Tubal Pregnancy
An ectopic tubal pregnancy is a specific type of ectopic pregnancy where the fertilized egg implants and grows in the fallopian tube.
Embryonic Heartbeat
The embryonic heartbeat is the first heartbeat detected in a developing fetus, typically around 6-7 weeks of gestation during early pregnancy.
Engorged Breasts
Engorged breasts refer to the swelling and discomfort that can occur when the breasts are overfilled with milk, often experienced by breastfeeding mothers.
Endometrial Thickness in IVF
Endometrial thickness is an important factor assessed during in vitro fertilization (IVF) to ensure that the uterine lining is suitable for embryo implantation.
Endocervical Polyps
Endocervical polyps are growths or overgrowths on the inner surface of the cervix that may need to be removed if they cause symptoms.
Endometrial Receptivity
Endometrial receptivity refers to the window of time during a menstrual cycle when the uterine lining is most receptive to embryo implantation, which is crucial for successful pregnancy.
Endometrial Thickness Measurement
The measurement of endometrial thickness is performed through ultrasound to assess the thickness of the uterine lining, which is important for fertility treatments like IVF.
Ectopic HCG Levels
Ectopic pregnancy is often associated with abnormal levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), a hormone produced during pregnancy. These levels may be monitored for diagnosis and management.
Endometrial Scratch
Endometrial scratch is a procedure in which a small injury or scratch is intentionally made in the uterine lining to promote embryo implantation during fertility treatments like IVF.
Ectopic Pregnancy Methotrexate Treatment
Methotrexate is a medication sometimes used to treat ectopic pregnancies by stopping the growth of the pregnancy outside the uterus.
Egg Freezing
Egg freezing, also known as oocyte cryopreservation, is a fertility preservation technique in which a woman's eggs are harvested, frozen, and stored for potential future use.
Estrogen Dominance
Estrogen dominance is a hormonal imbalance in which there is an excess of estrogen relative to other hormones in the body, which can lead to various health issues.
Endometrial Polyps in Pregnancy
Endometrial polyps can develop during pregnancy and may need monitoring or removal if they cause complications or symptoms.
Early Pregnancy Test
An early pregnancy test is a home pregnancy test used to detect the presence of pregnancy hormones in a woman's urine, often before the expected start of a menstrual period.
Egg Retrieval
Egg retrieval is a step in the in vitro fertilization (IVF) process in which mature eggs are extracted from a woman's ovaries for fertilization in the lab.
Endometrial Lining Thickness
Endometrial lining thickness is a measurement of the uterine lining and is crucial for embryo implantation during fertility treatments like IVF.
Estrogen Replacement Therapy in Menopause
Estrogen replacement therapy is often used in menopausal women to alleviate symptoms like hot flashes and to support bone health. It involves the administration of estrogen.
Endometrial Hyperplasia Treatment
Treatment for endometrial hyperplasia may include hormonal therapy or surgical procedures to reduce the thickness of the uterine lining and lower the risk of endometrial cancer.
Endometrial Cancer Staging
Endometrial cancer staging involves the evaluation of the extent and severity of the cancer, which guides treatment decisions and prognosis.
Endometrial Ablation Procedures
Endometrial ablation procedures are used to remove or destroy the uterine lining to treat conditions like heavy menstrual bleeding. Several techniques are available.
Ectopic Pregnancy Rupture
Ectopic pregnancy rupture is a serious complication in which the fertilized egg implanted outside the uterus causes the rupture of the fallopian tube or other tissue, leading to internal bleeding.
Endometrial Thickness for Fertility
Endometrial thickness is an important factor for fertility, as it plays a role in successful embryo implantation during pregnancy.
Endometrial Biopsy Results
Endometrial biopsy results provide information about the presence of abnormal cells or other uterine conditions and help guide treatment decisions.
Ectopic Pregnancy Signs
Signs of an ectopic pregnancy can include abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, and other symptoms, which may require immediate medical attention.
Endometrial Polyp Removal
Endometrial polyp removal may be necessary if the polyps cause symptoms or complications, such as abnormal uterine bleeding or fertility issues.
Early Pregnancy Sonograms
Early pregnancy sonograms, or ultrasounds, are used to visualize the developing fetus and confirm a pregnancy in the early stages.
Endometrial Receptivity Assessment
Endometrial receptivity assessment is performed to determine the ideal time for embryo transfer during fertility treatments like IVF, ensuring a receptive uterine lining.
Endometrial Thickness Ultrasound
Endometrial thickness ultrasound is a diagnostic imaging technique that measures the thickness of the uterine lining, often used in fertility evaluations.
Endometrial Cancer Diagnosis
Endometrial cancer diagnosis involves various tests, including biopsy, imaging, and staging, to confirm the presence and extent of the cancer.
Embryo
An early stage of development following fertilization, characterized by the formation of the initial structures that will develop into a fetus.
Egg Retrieval
A medical procedure in assisted reproductive technology (ART) where a woman's eggs are collected from her ovaries for use in processes like in vitro fertilization (IVF).
Endometrium
The inner lining of the uterus that thickens during the menstrual cycle and plays a crucial role in implantation during pregnancy.
Estrogen
A group of hormones that regulate the development and function of secondary sexual characteristics in females, as well as the menstrual cycle.
Ectopic Pregnancy
A potentially life-threatening condition in which a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, typically in a fallopian tube.
Embryo Transfer
The process of placing an embryo into the uterus during fertility treatments, such as IVF, to establish a pregnancy.
Epididymis
A coiled tube located behind the testicles where sperm mature and are stored before ejaculation.
Egg Donor
An individual who donates their eggs to be used in fertility treatments, often helping couples or individuals with infertility.
Endocrinologist
A medical specialist who diagnoses and treats hormonal disorders, which can affect reproductive health and other bodily functions.
Enzyme
A biological molecule that accelerates chemical reactions in the body, playing a crucial role in various physiological processes.

Fever
An elevated body temperature often caused by infections or inflammation, serving as a sign of the body's immune response.
Fetal Development
The progressive growth and maturation of a developing fetus during pregnancy, with specific milestones and stages of development.
Failure to Thrive
A condition where a child's growth and development fall significantly below expected norms for their age, often due to underlying health or nutritional issues.
Feeding Tube
A medical device used to deliver nutrition and fluids directly into the stomach or intestines, often necessary for individuals who cannot eat or swallow normally.
Fontanelle
Soft spots on a baby's skull where the skull bones have not yet fused, allowing for brain growth and development.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
A range of physical and cognitive abnormalities resulting from prenatal exposure to alcohol, impacting a child's development.
Fluoride
A mineral often used in dental care to prevent tooth decay and strengthen tooth enamel.
Frenulum
A fold of tissue that connects various parts of the body, such as the tongue to the floor of the mouth.
Fibrosis
The formation of excess fibrous tissue, which can affect different organs and tissues, potentially causing stiffness or reduced function.
Food Allergy
An immune system reaction to certain foods, which can range from mild to severe and require dietary restrictions or medical management.
Fetal Heart Rate
The rate at which a developing fetus's heart beats, usually monitored during pregnancy to ensure the baby's well-being.
Foster Care
A system providing temporary care and support for children who cannot live with their biological parents, typically supervised by child welfare agencies.
Fussiness
The state of being easily agitated or irritable, commonly seen in infants and young children, often due to discomfort or illness.
Fracture
A break or crack in a bone, which may require medical attention and treatment to promote proper healing.
Foster Family
Families providing temporary homes and care to children in the foster care system, often with the guidance and support of social services.
Fertility
The ability to conceive and bear children, which can be influenced by various factors and may necessitate medical assistance in cases of infertility.
Foreign Body Ingestion
The unintentional swallowing or inhalation of objects or substances that do not belong in the digestive or respiratory system, which may require medical intervention.
Fetal Monitoring
Continuous or periodic assessment of a developing fetus's vital signs during labor and delivery to ensure the safety of both mother and child.
Fetal Ultrasound
A diagnostic imaging technique using sound waves to visualize the developing fetus during pregnancy, helping assess its health and development.
Foster Parenting
Providing temporary care for children in the foster care system, offering stability and support during a challenging period in the child's life.
Fertility
Fertility refers to the ability to conceive and have a baby. It depends on various factors, including the health of the reproductive system and hormonal balance.
Fetal Development
Fetal development is the process by which a fertilized egg grows and develops into a fetus, progressing through various stages and milestones during pregnancy.
Fibroids
Fibroids, also known as uterine leiomyomas, are non-cancerous growths of the uterus that can cause symptoms like pain and heavy menstrual bleeding.
Fallopian Tube Blockage
Fallopian tube blockage is a condition where one or both fallopian tubes are partially or completely obstructed, which can affect fertility.
Fetal Distress
Fetal distress refers to signs or symptoms indicating that a fetus is not receiving enough oxygen or nutrients during pregnancy or labor, which may necessitate medical intervention.
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that plays a key role in regulating the menstrual cycle and stimulating the growth of ovarian follicles.
Fetal Heart Rate
Fetal heart rate is the rate at which the baby's heart beats during pregnancy, and it can be monitored during prenatal check-ups and labor to assess the baby's well-being.
Folic Acid
Folic acid is a B vitamin that is important for preventing neural tube defects in the developing fetus during early pregnancy. It is commonly recommended as a prenatal supplement.
Fetal Movement
Fetal movement refers to the sensation of the baby's movements inside the womb, which typically becomes more noticeable as the pregnancy progresses.
Forceps Delivery
Forceps delivery is a medical procedure used during childbirth to assist in the delivery of the baby's head by applying forceps (surgical instruments) to the baby's head and guiding it through the birth canal.

Gastrointestinal (GI)
Pertaining to the digestive system, including the stomach and intestines, where various GI disorders are diagnosed and treated.
Glucose
A type of sugar that serves as a primary source of energy for the body and is essential for normal metabolic function.
Genetics
The study of genes and heredity, which plays a significant role in understanding inherited traits and conditions, including those related to reproduction.
Growth
The process of physical and mental development, monitored in children to ensure they meet age-appropriate milestones.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
A rare autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system attacks the peripheral nerves, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis.
Gastric Tube
A medical tube inserted through the nose or mouth into the stomach, used for feeding or drainage purposes.
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys, which can impact their filtration function and lead to kidney problems.
Gallbladder
An organ that stores bile, which is released into the small intestine to aid in digestion, but may develop issues like gallstones that require medical attention.
Gastrostomy
A surgical opening created through the abdominal wall into the stomach, typically used for feeding or drainage in individuals who cannot eat or swallow normally.
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
A test to assess the efficiency of the kidneys in filtering waste products from the blood, crucial for diagnosing and monitoring kidney function.
Glycogen Storage Disease
A group of genetic disorders affecting the storage of glycogen in the body, which can lead to metabolic and energy utilization issues.
Growth Hormone
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that plays a crucial role in regulating growth and development, often used in medical treatment for growth disorders.
Gastroschisis
A congenital defect where the baby's intestines protrude through an opening in the abdominal wall, requiring immediate surgical intervention.
Graves' Disease
An autoimmune disorder affecting the thyroid gland, leading to excessive thyroid hormone production, which can affect various body functions.
Glasgow Coma Scale
A standardized neurological assessment tool used to evaluate the level of consciousness in individuals with brain injuries or other medical conditions.
Glycemia
The presence of glucose (sugar) in the bloodstream, which is a key parameter monitored in individuals with diabetes.
Geriatrics
The medical specialty focused on the care of elderly individuals, addressing age-related health concerns and promoting healthy aging.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
A chronic condition characterized by the backward flow of stomach acid into the esophagus, often causing heartburn and requiring medical management.
Glucagon
A hormone produced by the pancreas that raises blood sugar levels by stimulating the liver to release stored glucose, often used in emergency treatment for severe hypoglycemia.
Genitalia
The reproductive and external sexual organs of both males and females, which can be affected by various medical conditions and require specialized care.
Glucocorticoids
A group of corticosteroid hormones, including cortisol, with anti-inflammatory and immune-suppressing properties, often used in the treatment of inflammatory conditions and autoimmune disorders.
Glycemic Index (GI)
A scale ranking carbohydrates based on their impact on blood sugar levels.
Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach lining, often causing abdominal discomfort.
Glaucoma
A group of eye conditions causing damage to the optic nerve and vision loss.
Gout
A form of arthritis characterized by sudden, severe attacks of pain, swelling, and redness in joints.
Glioblastoma
An aggressive type of brain tumor that can occur in the brain or spinal cord.
Gallstones
Hardened deposits that form in the gallbladder, often causing abdominal pain.
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
A condition where transplanted cells attack the recipient's body.
Gingivitis
Inflammation of the gums, often a precursor to more severe gum diseases.
Gallbladder Polyps
Abnormal growths in the inner lining of the gallbladder.
Ganglion Cyst
A noncancerous lump that most commonly occurs in the hand or wrist.
Gastric Bypass Surgery
A weight-loss surgery that alters the digestive process to promote weight loss.
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the tiny filters in the kidneys, affecting their function.
Genital Warts
Small growths caused by certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV).
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
A chronic condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
A rare disorder where the body's immune system attacks the nerves.
Genome Sequencing
Analyzing the complete set of DNA in an organism to understand genetic information.
Gonorrhea
A sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
Gluteus Medius
One of the muscles in the buttocks, important for hip stability.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Hormone that regulates the menstrual cycle.
Gynecomastia
Enlargement of breast tissue in males, often due to hormonal imbalances.

Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver, often caused by viral infections (e.g., hepatitis A, B, or C), which can result in liver damage and a range of symptoms.
Hormones
Chemical messengers produced by glands in the endocrine system, regulating various physiological processes, including growth, metabolism, and reproductive functions.
Hypothyroidism
A medical condition where the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormones, leading to symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, and cold sensitivity.
Headache
A common medical symptom characterized by pain or discomfort in the head or neck region, often attributed to various causes, including tension, migraines, or underlying medical conditions.
Hyperlipidemia
Elevated levels of fats (lipids) in the blood, including cholesterol and triglycerides, which are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Hernia
A condition where an organ or tissue protrudes through a weak spot in the abdominal wall, potentially causing pain and requiring surgical intervention.
Hemorrhage
Excessive bleeding, which can occur internally or externally and may lead to life-threatening situations, necessitating prompt medical attention.
Hyperglycemia
High blood sugar levels, typically seen in diabetes or other medical conditions, and can lead to symptoms such as increased thirst and frequent urination.
HbA1c (Glycated Hemoglobin)
A blood test that measures average blood sugar levels over several months, providing valuable information for the long-term management of diabetes.
Hypoglycemia
Low blood sugar levels, often causing symptoms like shakiness, confusion, and, in severe cases, loss of consciousness, which can occur in diabetes or other conditions.
Hyperinsulinemia
An elevated level of insulin in the bloodstream, often associated with conditions like insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
Homeostasis
The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment, regulating factors like temperature, pH, and blood sugar levels to ensure proper function.
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)
A severe complication of diabetes characterized by very high blood sugar levels, dehydration, and altered mental status, which requires immediate medical treatment.
Hyperlipidemia
Elevated levels of lipids (fats) in the bloodstream, a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, especially in individuals with high cholesterol.
Hypertension
High blood pressure, a common cardiovascular condition.
Hematoma
A localized collection of blood outside the blood vessels, often resulting from injury.
Hemorrhoids
Swollen veins in the rectum or anus, causing discomfort and bleeding.
Hyperthyroidism
Overactive thyroid gland, leading to increased metabolism and other symptoms.
Hypothyroidism
Underactive thyroid gland, causing a slowdown in bodily functions.
Hernia
A condition where an organ or tissue pushes through a weakened area in the abdominal wall.
Hemoglobin
The protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the body's tissues.
Hallucination
Perceiving something that is not present, often associated with mental health conditions.
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine, indicating potential issues with the urinary system.
Hyperglycemia
High levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood, a common feature in diabetes.
Hypoglycemia
Low levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood, often causing symptoms like dizziness and confusion.
Hysterectomy
Surgical removal of the uterus, commonly performed for medical reasons.
Hydrotherapy
Therapeutic use of water for pain relief and treatment of certain conditions.
Histamine
A compound released during allergic reactions, causing symptoms like itching and swelling.
Heart Murmur
Abnormal sound heard during the heartbeat cycle, often indicative of a heart valve issue.
Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver, often caused by viral infections or autoimmune disorders.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
A group of viruses causing infections, some of which can lead to cancers.
Holter Monitor
A portable device for continuous monitoring of heart activity, typically worn for 24 to 48 hours.
Hemiplegia
Paralysis of one side of the body, often caused by a stroke or brain injury.
Hydration
The process of maintaining adequate fluid levels in the body for optimal health.

Insulin
A hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels, facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells for energy or storage.
Injury Prevention
Efforts and strategies aimed at reducing the risk of accidents and injuries, often involving education, safety measures, and awareness campaigns.
Inflammation
The body's natural response to injury or infection, characterized by redness, swelling, pain, and heat, as the immune system works to heal and protect against harm.
Isometrics
A form of muscle exercise involving static muscle contractions without joint movement, commonly used in rehabilitation and strength training.
Impingement
The compression or pinching of soft tissues, such as tendons, within a joint, leading to pain and limited range of motion.
Iontophoresis
A therapeutic technique using electrical currents to deliver medication through the skin, often employed in physiotherapy and pain management.
Ice Pack
A method of applying cold therapy using ice or a cold pack to reduce pain, inflammation, and swelling in injured or painful areas.
Interferential Current (IFC)
An electrotherapy method utilizing low-frequency electrical currents to relieve pain and promote tissue healing in physiotherapy and pain management.
Injury Rehabilitation
The process of restoring function, mobility, and strength in individuals recovering from injuries or medical conditions through exercises and therapies.
Isokinetics
A type of exercise involving controlled, constant-speed joint movements, often used for muscle strengthening in physiotherapy and sports rehabilitation.
Inpatient Physiotherapy
Physiotherapy services provided to patients admitted to a hospital or rehabilitation facility, addressing their specific needs during recovery.
Iliotibial Band (ITB) Syndrome
A common overuse injury, often affecting runners, where the iliotibial band becomes inflamed and painful, requiring physiotherapy treatment.
Inversion and Eversion
Movements of the foot, are essential in physiotherapy for addressing ankle injuries and improving stability and range of motion.
Isometric Contraction
A type of muscle contraction without joint movement, often used in the early stages of injury rehabilitation to prevent muscle atrophy.
Intramuscular Stimulation (IMS)
A physiotherapy technique that involves inserting acupuncture needles into tight or painful muscles to relieve chronic pain and tension.
Ice Bath
A therapy involving immersion in cold water to reduce muscle soreness and inflammation, often used in sports and physiotherapy.
Impairment
A physical, psychological, or anatomical condition that may affect an individual's ability to function, often addressed in physiotherapy for improved quality of life.
Intervention
In healthcare, this refers to a medical or therapeutic action taken to manage or treat a condition, often based on a patient's needs and clinical assessment.
Interdisciplinary Care
Collaborative healthcareis provided by a team of professionals from different specialties, aimed at delivering comprehensive and coordinated care to patients.
Insulin Resistance
A condition where cells resist the effects of insulin, leading to elevated blood sugar levels.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
A group of disorders causing chronic inflammation in the digestive tract.
Iodine
A mineral essential for thyroid function and the production of thyroid hormones.
Iron-deficiency Anemia
A type of anemia caused by a lack of iron, vital for red blood cell production.
Indigestible Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates that cannot be fully broken down and absorbed during digestion.
Intermittent Fasting
An eating pattern involving cycles of eating and fasting.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
A common gastrointestinal disorder causing abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits.
Inulin
A type of soluble fiber found in certain plants, beneficial for gut health.
Isoflavones
Plant compounds with estrogen-like effects, found in soy and legumes.
Intravenous (IV) Nutrition
Providing nutrients directly into the bloodstream through intravenous administration.
Infant Formula
A commercially prepared substitute for breast milk, designed for infant nutrition.
Inborn Errors of Metabolism (IEM)
Genetic disorders affecting the body's ability to process specific nutrients.
Immune-boosting Foods
Foods rich in nutrients that support the immune system, such as vitamin C and zinc.
Inflammatory Foods
Foods that may contribute to inflammation in the body, such as processed and sugary foods.
Insoluble Fiber
Fiber that does not dissolve in water, aiding in digestive health.
Infectious Mononucleosis Diet
Dietary recommendations for individuals with mononucleosis to support recovery.
Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)
A condition where a fetus does not grow at the expected rate during pregnancy.
Inositol
A nutrient that plays a role in insulin signaling and may be used in mental health support.
Iron Bioavailability
The extent to which the body can absorb and utilize iron from dietary sources.
Ice Cream Headache
A brief headache triggered by consuming cold foods, also known as brain freeze.

Joint Mobilization
The therapeutic movement of a joint to restore its range of motion.
Joint Stability Exercises
Exercises designed to enhance the stability of a joint, preventing injuries.
Janda Approach
A physiotherapy approach focusing on muscle imbalances and dysfunctional movement patterns.
Joint Effusion
The accumulation of excess fluid within a joint, often causing swelling.
Jogging Rehabilitation
Gradual and supervised reintroduction of jogging after an injury.
Jaw Exercises
Exercises to improve the strength and mobility of the jaw muscles, often used in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction.
Joint Protection Techniques
Strategies to minimize stress on joints and reduce the risk of injury.
Joint Replacement Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation programs for individuals after joint replacement surgeries.
Joint Stabilization Exercises
Exercises targeting muscles around a joint to enhance stability.
Jones Counterstrain Technique
A manual therapy approach aiming to alleviate pain and muscle spasms.
Jackson Pratt Drain
A surgical drain system used postoperatively to remove fluids and reduce swelling.
Joint Distension
A therapeutic technique involving the stretching of a joint to increase its capacity.
Jones Fracture
A specific type of foot fracture involving the fifth metatarsal bone.
Janda's Upper Crossed Syndrome
A postural dysfunction characterized by muscle imbalances in the upper body.
Joint Fusion Surgery
Surgical procedure combining two adjacent bones to stabilize a joint.
Joint Line Tenderness
Tenderness along the joint line, often indicative of certain joint injuries.
Joint Replacement Prehabilitation
Preoperative exercise programs to optimize patients' physical condition before joint replacement surgery.
Jogging Gait Analysi
Evaluation of an individual's running style to identify and address biomechanical issues.
Joint Hypermobility
A condition where joints can move beyond the normal range, potentially causing instability.
Janda's Lower Crossed Syndrome
A postural dysfunction characterized by muscle imbalances in the lower body.

Kangaroo Care
A method of holding a premature or low-weight baby against a parent's skin for warmth and bonding.
Kernicterus
Severe jaundice leading to the accumulation of bilirubin in the brain, potentially causing neurological damage
Ketamine
An anesthetic and sedative medication used in NICU for certain procedures.
Ketone Bodies
Substances produced during the breakdown of fats, relevant in neonatal metabolism.
Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC)
A comprehensive care approach involving skin-to-skin contact, breastfeeding, and support for premature infants.
Karyotype
A visual representation of an individual's chromosomes, important for genetic assessment.
Klebsiella pneumoniae
A bacterium that can cause infections in premature or immunocompromised infants.
Ketonuria
The presence of ketones in the urine, which can occur in certain metabolic conditions.
Kidney Function Tests
Assessments to monitor the functioning of a newborn's kidneys.
Knee-chest Position
A body position used to relieve pressure on the diaphragm, often helpful in cases of respiratory distress.
Kernig's Sign
A physical examination test for meningitis, assessing resistance to leg extension when the thigh is flexed.
Kinesio Taping
The use of specialized tape to support and stabilize muscles and joints.
Kinesthetic Awareness
Developing a baby's awareness of their body's movement and position.
Ketogenic Diet
A high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet sometimes used for infants with certain medical conditions.
Kawasaki Disease
An inflammatory condition that can affect blood vessels, including those in the heart.
Knee-elbow Position
A posture used during certain medical procedures, allowing better access to the baby's back.
Kernicterus Monitoring
Regular assessments to detect and manage jaundice-related complications.
Kangaroo Tube Feeding
Administering breast milk or formula to a premature baby through a tube while practicing Kangaroo Care.
Kangaroo Weaning
Gradual transition from full Kangaroo Care to increased periods in an incubator.
Ketosis
A metabolic state where the body utilizes stored fat for energy, relevant in certain neonatal conditions.

Laryngospasm
A sudden spasm of the vocal cords, potentially leading to airway obstruction.
Lumbar Puncture
A medical procedure to collect cerebrospinal fluid from the spinal canal for diagnostic purposes.
Leukemia
A type of cancer affecting the blood and bone marrow, common in pediatric patients.
Lactate
A measure of lactic acid levels in the blood, indicating tissue oxygenation and metabolic status.
Lung Compliance
The ability of the lungs to expand and contract, crucial for effective breathing.
Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA)
A medical device used to maintain an open airway during anesthesia or respiratory support.
Liver Function Tests
Blood tests assessing the health and function of the liver.
Low Birth Weight (LBW)
Newborns weighing less than 2,500 grams at birth.
Luminal Stenosis
Narrowing of a tubular structure, such as a blood vessel or intestine.
Lateral Decubitus Position
A side-lying position often used for certain medical procedures.
Lung Recruitment
A strategy to open collapsed lung areas and improve oxygenation.
Lipid Panel
Blood tests measuring levels of cholesterol and triglycerides.
Levosimendan
A medication used to improve heart function in critically ill pediatric patients.
Lactic Acidosis
A condition characterized by elevated levels of lactic acid in the blood, often associated with critical illness.
Laryngeal Edema
Swelling of the larynx, potentially impacting airway function.
Lateral Canthotomy
A surgical procedure to relieve pressure in the eye caused by orbital compartment syndrome.
Lisfranc Injury
An injury to the midfoot often resulting from trauma, such as a crush injury.
Liver Transplantation
Surgical procedure to replace a damaged or diseased liver with a healthy donor liver.
Lactose Intolerance
A condition where the body cannot properly digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and dairy products.
Lipid Emulsion Therapy
Intravenous administration of a fat emulsion used in certain medical conditions.

Measles
A highly contagious viral infection characterized by a red rash.
Meningitis
Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Microcephaly
Abnormally small head size, often indicating an underdeveloped brain.
Mumps
A viral infection causing swelling of the salivary glands.
Myocarditis
Inflammation of the heart muscle.
Malnutrition
Insufficient or imbalanced nutrition leading to health issues.
Mononucleosis
A viral infection commonly known as ,mono, causing fever and fatigue.
Meningococcal Disease
Infections caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, potentially severe and life-threatening.
Muscular Dystrophy
Genetic disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness.
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
Respiratory distress in newborns due to inhaling meconium (first stool).
Molluscum Contagiosum
A viral skin infection causing small, painless bumps.
Meningocele
A type of spina bifida where the protective covering of the spinal cord protrudes.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
A medical imaging technique to visualize internal structures.
Mitral Valve Prolapse
A heart valve condition where the mitral valve doesn't close properly.
Mastoiditis
Inflammation of the mastoid bone, often occurring as a complication of ear infections.
Maternal-fetal Medicine
Specialized care for high-risk pregnancies.
Myopia
Nearsightedness, a common vision problem in children.
Midwifery
The practice of assisting in childbirth, emphasizing a natural and supportive approach.
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of conditions increasing the risk of heart disease and diabetes.
Melena
Black, tarry stool, often indicative of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Nuclear Transfer
A laboratory technique involving the transfer of a cell nucleus into an egg without a nucleus.
Non-Stimulated Cycle
An IVF cycle where minimal or no ovarian stimulation medications are used.
Nurse Coordinator
A healthcare professional who coordinates and manages the IVF treatment process for patients.
Natural Cycle IVF
IVF treatment without the use of ovarian stimulation medications, relying on the natural menstrual cycle..
Necrospermia
The presence of dead or non-motile sperm in semen.
Non-Obstructive Azoospermia (NOA)
A condition where sperm production is impaired, but there is no blockage in the reproductive tract.
Needle Aspiration
A procedure to retrieve eggs or sperm using a thin needle.
Nurturing Endometrium
Creating an optimal uterine lining to support embryo implantation.
Nondisclosure Agreement
A legal document ensuring confidentiality of IVF-related information.
Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)
Immune cells that play a role in the implantation process and may be monitored in IVF patients.
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)
Specialized care for newborns who require intensive medical attention.
Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT)
A blood test to screen for genetic abnormalities in the developing fetus.
Nasal Spray Suppression
Medication used to suppress the natural menstrual cycle during IVF treatment.
Nondisjunction
An error in cell division leading to an abnormal number of chromosomes in eggs or sperm.
Nutrient Medium
A special solution used to culture and support the growth of embryos during IVF.
National ART Surveillance System (NASS)
A system that collects and reports data on assisted reproductive technologies.
Non-Anonymous Donation
A form of gamete donation where the identity of the donor is disclosed to the recipient.
Navelbine
A chemotherapy drug that may be used in cases of ovarian cancer prior to IVF.
Nuchal Translucency (NT) Scan
An ultrasound scan to assess the risk of chromosomal abnormalities in a developing fetus.
Non-Ejaculatory Sperm Retrieval
Techniques to collect sperm from men with difficulty ejaculating.

Oligohydramnios
A condition characterized by a lower-than-normal level of amniotic fluid around the fetus.
Omphalocele
A congenital abdominal wall defect where the intestines or other organs protrude outside the body through the navel.
Obstetric Ultrasound
Imaging technique using sound waves to visualize the developing fetus during pregnancy.
Ovulation Induction
Medical interventions to stimulate egg production and release during the menstrual cycle.
Oxytocin Challenge Test (OCT)
A test to assess fetal well-being by inducing contractions to monitor the baby's heart rate.
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS)
An exaggerated response to fertility medications, leading to enlarged ovaries and fluid retention.
Oocyte Cryopreservation
Freezing and storing unfertilized eggs for future use in fertility treatments.
Oligohydramnios Sequence
A group of features associated with reduced amniotic fluid impacting fetal development
Ovum Donation
The process of using donated eggs for assisted reproductive technologies.
Organogenesis
The stage of fetal development when major organs and structures begin to form.
Omphalopagus Twins
Conjoined twins who are attached at the abdomen.
Open Neural Tube Defect
A birth defect where the spinal cord, brain, or meninges are exposed through an opening in the spine.
Oligohydramnios Index
Measurement of the amniotic fluid volume to assess fetal well-being.
Ovarian Cyst
Fluid-filled sacs on or within the ovaries, which may be monitored during pregnancy.
Obstetric Cholestasis
A liver disorder occurring during pregnancy, leading to itching and potential complications.
Obstetric Anesthesia
Administration of anesthesia during labor and childbirth for pain relief.
Oligohydramnios-Sequence Deformities
Abnormalities in fetal development associated with low amniotic fluid levels.
Omphalomesenteric Duct Remnants
Residual structures from the embryonic connection between the yolk sac and midgut.
Ovarian Torsion
Twisting of the ovary that can disrupt blood flow and cause pain.
Ovine Stress Test
An experimental test to evaluate fetal well-being by inducing stress and monitoring the response.

Parity
The number of times a woman has given birth, including both live and stillborn infants.
Posterior Colporrhaphy
Surgical repair of the posterior vaginal wall for pelvic organ prolapse.
Preterm Labor
Onset of labor before completing 37 weeks of pregnancy.
Primary Amenorrhea
The absence of menstruation by the age of 16 in the absence of secondary sexual characteristics, or by the age of 14 with secondary sexual characteristics.
Paraurethral Gland
Glands near the urethra that can be associated with female sexual function.
Puberty
The stage of development when a child's body matures into an adult capable of sexual reproduction.
Prolactin
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates milk production in the breasts.
Perimenopause
The transitional stage leading to menopause, characterized by hormonal changes and irregular menstrual cycles.
Pelvic Floor Dysfunction
Impaired function of the pelvic floor muscles, often causing pelvic pain or incontinence.
Preconception Counseling
Consultation with healthcare providers to optimize health before attempting pregnancy.
Pessary Care
Maintenance and management of a pessary device used to support pelvic organs.
Puerperium
The period following childbirth during which the body returns to its pre-pregnancy state.
Polymenorrhea
Abnormally frequent menstrual cycles, with intervals of fewer than 21 days.
Placental Abruption
Separation of the placenta from the uterine lining before childbirth.
Prostaglandins
Hormone-like substances involved in various reproductive processes, including labor induction.
Pruritus Vulvae
Itching of the external female genitalia.
Progesterone Receptor Modulator (PRM)
Medications affecting progesterone receptors, used in some gynecological conditions.
Primary Dysmenorrhea
Menstrual pain without an identifiable underlying cause.
Pelvic Congestion Syndrome
Chronic pelvic pain related to venous congestion in the pelvis.
Perineorrhaphy
Surgical repair of the perineum, often performed after childbirth.